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发布时间：2023/07/03 13:32:11
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小(xiǎo)托福考试中出现的學(xué)术性文(wén)章一般是议论文(wén)和说明文(wén)两种文(wén)體(tǐ)。这种文(wén)章类型因為(wèi)话题比较深：有(yǒu)涉及到动物(wù)、植物(wù)、天文(wén)、地质等很(hěn)多(duō)抽象的话题；同时，因為(wèi)词汇比较难，長(cháng)难句比较多(duō)，所以读起来不是那么容易让这个年龄段的孩子理(lǐ)解，所以，比起非學(xué)术性文(wén)章来说，學(xué)术性文(wén)章对于很(hěn)多(duō)小(xiǎo)朋友来说会觉得很(hěn)难驾驭。
但是其实这种类型的文(wén)章是有(yǒu)他(tā)一定的讨论的。因為(wèi)它是说明文(wén)嘛，很(hěn)多(duō)内容的展开都是以说明為(wèi)主，那么说明文(wén)文(wén)章主打的就是结构非常清晰，一般文(wén)章会在开头直接提出要描述的对象，然后是描述其具體(tǐ)特征或是发展历史又(yòu)或者是出现的原因及其影响。这样的话，就会在阅读的时候有(yǒu)一个预判，就比较容易读懂文(wén)章意思了。
下面有(yǒu)一篇文(wén)章，我们来看看我们如何快速的读懂它！这篇文(wén)章是关于冰箱的发展的。下面是关于这篇文(wén)章的背景介绍，我选取了两个文(wén)中涉及到的时间点：
1802
Thomas Moore, an American businessman, created a nice box to cool dairy products for transport. He called it a “refrigiratory” until he patented “refrigerator” in 1803. In the early 1800s, more and more Americans movedinto cities, expanding the distance between the consumer and the source of thefood. The need for refrigeration was growing day by day.
1840
The first iceboxes were made by carpenters, designed to take advantage of the regular household delivery of large blocks ofice. They were insulated wooden boxes lined with tin or zinc and used to holdblocks of ice to keep the food cool. A drip pan collected the melt water–and had to be emptied daily.
By the mid-ninetenthcetuny ,the term”icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew wíth the growthof cities. Ice was used in hotels, restaurants, and hospitals. After the Civil War (1861 -1865), ice came into household use. Till 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one- third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an fficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early ninetcenth century,people only had some basie knowledge of the physics of heat,which was very important to the science of refrigeration. Many people think that the best icebox was the one that prevented the ice from melting. Of course,this is wrong, for it was the melting of the ice that can cool things. Nevertheless, people use different ways to keep ice from melting too fast, for example, wrap the ice in blankets. At the end of the nineteenth century, inventors finally found a balance between saving the ice from melting tooquiekly and transporting them at the same time.
But as early as 1803, a clever Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned afarm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the vil of Gieorge town was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own desien to transport his butterto market, he found that customers would pay the highest price for his butter,rsill fresh and hard. One advantage of his icebox, Moore expained,was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their product cool.
阅读这样的历史类的文(wén)章，我们需要抓住的框架就是找到历史的时间点，區(qū)分(fēn)不同时间点做的事情。同时也要注意：人名、地名、专业名词等。zui重要的还是理(lǐ)解文(wén)章的主题，也就是主旨。主旨一般会重复被提到，也就是重复词，往往在第1段就提到。在这篇文(wén)章中就是icebox。文(wén)章的第1段讲到内战之后，icebox出现使得冰开始投入家庭使用(yòng)。第二段提到由于当时的人们对于基本的物(wù)理(lǐ)知识的缺乏，所以很(hěn)难创造出一个effective icebox。第三段提到了一个聪明的商(shāng)人Thomas Moore设计了一个独特的icebox能(néng)让黄油完好无损地运到市场上。都是围绕着icebox来展开的，抓住这个主線(xiàn)基本上文(wén)章也就比较好理(lǐ)解了。
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